{"id":7431,"date":"2019-08-07T12:53:46","date_gmt":"2019-08-07T11:53:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/parisx.me\/?p=7431"},"modified":"2019-08-08T03:05:10","modified_gmt":"2019-08-08T02:05:10","slug":"17eme-open-and-user-innovation-conference-news-et-impressions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/parisx.me\/fr\/17eme-open-and-user-innovation-conference-news-et-impressions\/","title":{"rendered":"17\u00e8me Open and User Innovation Conference – News et Impressions"},"content":{"rendered":"

Juillet dernier, a eu lieu \u00e0 Utrecht la 17\u00e8me Conf\u00e9rence Internationale Open and User Innovation (OUI)<\/i>. C\u2019\u00e9tait ma quatri\u00e8me fois \u00e0 participer \u00e0 la rencontre de cette communaut\u00e9 et j\u2019\u00e9tais content de voir qu\u2019elle grandisse. J\u2019ai pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 la m\u00e9thodologie de la Matrice de Contribution<\/i>, tirant d\u2019un papier que nous avons soumis avec Kevin Desouza \u00e0 la revue IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management<\/span><\/a><\/strong> juin dernier.<\/p>\n

La communaut\u00e9 OUI<\/h2>\n

La communaut\u00e9 OUI a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 se r\u00e9unir au debout du mill\u00e9nium, notamment autour de l\u2019ouvrage phare Democratizing Innovation<\/span><\/a><\/strong> par Eric VonHippel2005, ainsi que le livre Open Innovation<\/i> par Henry Chesbrough2003. Son cadre est r\u00e9sum\u00e9 par le mod\u00e8le ci-dessous (Raasch et von Hippel, 2012) :<\/p>\n

\"User

User and Producer Innovation Paradigms (Raasch and von Hippel, 2012)<\/p><\/div>\n

La conf\u00e9rence en question \u00e9tait port\u00e9e par l\u2019Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Utrecht et accueillie dans un de b\u00e2timents les plus historiques de la ville, et elle a abord\u00e9e tout un \u00e9ventail de th\u00e9matiques, allant du rapport entre crowdsourcing et institutions de sant\u00e9, aux outils de gouvernance des plate-formes ouvertes et les enjeux de conception organisationnels.<\/p>\n

Pour r\u00e9sumer, il existe ici deux th\u00e8se majeurs. D\u2019une part, en effet, les usagers innovent<\/i> (von Hippel, 1977). De l\u2019autre, les entreprises auraient pu innover davantage \u00e0 condition qu\u2019elles s\u2019ouvrent <\/span><\/a><\/strong>un peu (Chesbrough, 2003). Sur cette base, les sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9s de chaque paradigme d\u2019innovation sont explor\u00e9es par un ensemble d\u2019\u00e9tudes. Dans le cadre de l\u2019Open Innovation, les entreprises regarder au-del\u00e0 de ce qu\u2019elles contr\u00f4lent et \u00e9changer des savoirs et des id\u00e9es avec des tiers pour les int\u00e9grer dans des nouvelles offres. Dans le paradigme de la User Innovation, les innovations \u00e9mergent par les lead users<\/i>, qui les partagent librement avec leurs pairs \u00a0: en th\u00e9orie, les innovations d\u2019usage viennent des usagers, tandis que les innovations technologiques viennent des industriels (von Hippel, 1994).<\/p>\n

Des impressions<\/h2>\n

En tout, la plupart des \u00e9tudes pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es par des jeunes chercheurs \u00e9taient bien int\u00e9ressantes, faisant preuve d\u2019ambitions th\u00e9oriques importantes. Il \u00e9tait \u00e9galement int\u00e9ressant de voir qu\u2019un bon nombre d\u2019\u00e9tudes pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es port\u00e9 sur l\u2019innovation par les d\u00e9veloppeurs<\/span><\/a><\/strong>. Par exemple, les d\u00e9veloppeurs les plus reconnues dans la programmation en langage Python viennent encore des parcours vari\u00e9s, et on retrouve parmi eux aussi bien des dipl\u00f4m\u00e9s des universit\u00e9s de renomm\u00e9e que des autodidactes (Wang et al, 2019).<\/p>\n

Une autre pr\u00e9sentation que j\u2019ai bien appr\u00e9ci\u00e9e portait sur l\u2019organisation d\u2019un s\u00e9minaire par et pour des patients de cancer, en collaboration avec des professionnels courageux de sant\u00e9 (Sanden et al, 2019). L\u2019\u00e9tude d\u00e9crivait une exp\u00e9rience d\u2019apprentissage actif, o\u00f9 les identit\u00e9s \u00e0 la fois des patients et des professionnels \u00e9taient mises en \u00e9preuve. Cette pr\u00e9sentation m\u2019a fait pens\u00e9 \u00e0 la discussion \u00e9pist\u00e9mologique sur le rapport entre sciences contemporaines et sciences standards que nous ouvrons dans notre dernier ouvrage collectif<\/span><\/a><\/strong>, surtout en ce qui concerne la formation des identit\u00e9s (Chrysos et Gentes, 2019). Il s\u2019agit d\u2019une d\u00e9marche d\u2019enseignement sans doute \u00e0 suivre.<\/p>\n

En outre, le discours liminaire annonc\u00e9 par Christoph Stampfer, professeur de Physique, sur l\u2019App qu\u2019il a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 fut tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressant. Il s\u2019agissait de l\u2019App phyphox<\/span><\/a><\/strong>, de code source ouvert, qui met en valeur les instruments que dispose un smart phone en permettan d\u2019op\u00e9rer des exp\u00e9rimentations en Physique. En effet, contrairement aux consommateurs des smart phones, le petit groupe des d\u00e9veloppeurs du phyphox ne s\u2019est pas content\u00e9 aux Apps de Physique pr\u00e9-existantes. Ils ont regard\u00e9 sous leur pouce, pour y trouver un ensemble d\u2019instruments (acc\u00e9l\u00e9rom\u00e8tre, magn\u00e9tom\u00e8tre, gyroscope, d\u00e9tecteur de lumi\u00e8re etc) et en faire quelque chose. D\u00e9velopp\u00e9 au d\u00e9part pour son propre cours, l\u2019App de Prof. Stampfer a progressivement r\u00e9uni une communaut\u00e9 d\u2019enseignants internationale qui contribue des nouveaux protocoles d\u2019exp\u00e9rimentation. Ainsi, ces derniers peuvent avoir dans leurs poches un laboratoire de Physique comparable \u00e0 celui des \u00e9coles.<\/p>\n

Il \u00e9tait int\u00e9ressant de voir dans ce champ particulier la phase Usager-D\u00e9veloppeur-Entrepreneur (UDE)<\/i>, comme je la d\u00e9cris dans ma th\u00e8se<\/span><\/a><\/strong> \u00a0: aujourd\u2019hui, plusieurs usagers demandent un service client, tout comme les consommateurs. Or, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que fournir des services clients n\u2019int\u00e9resse pas Prof. Stampfer lui-m\u00eame, un sch\u00e9ma entreprenant doit \u00eatre invent\u00e9 pour que la communaut\u00e9 puisse s\u2019\u00e9tendre. Le tout petit groupe des UDEs du d\u00e9part doit alors doit donner sa place \u00e0 un groupe de D\u00e9veloppeurs-Entrepreneurs (DEs), mettant \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 leurs pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences personnelles pour servir les consommateurs (voir le sch\u00e9ma ci-dessous) (Chrysos, 2013\u00a0; Chrysos, 2015)\u00a0:<\/p>\n

\"Developer

Developer Innovation, in-between the two paradigms: User-Developer, User-Developer-Entrepreuner, Developer-Entrepreuner (Chrysos, 2013).<\/p><\/div>\n

Une autre pr\u00e9sentation qui fut surprenante est venue par un \u00e9conomiste : il a dit que la plus grande partie des dimensions faites de l\u2019innovation par les usagers explor\u00e9es par la communaut\u00e9 OUI (e.g. la recherche sur leurs motivations) sera tout simplement ignor\u00e9e une fois qu\u2019un mod\u00e8le \u00e9conom\u00e9trique soit \u00e9tabli. Il \u00e9tait int\u00e9ressant, pour autant, de voir comment les mod\u00e8les \u00e9conom\u00e9triques sont fabriqu\u00e9s, en prenant en compte ce qui est d\u00e9j\u00e0 l\u00e0, en testant des param\u00e8tres et en enl\u00e8vent d\u2019autres, pour garder finalement ceux qu\u2019on ne peut pas mettre de c\u00f4t\u00e9, ainsi que ceux qui sont pertinents.<\/p>\n

Des nouvelles<\/h2>\n

Cette conf\u00e9rence a \u00e9galement ouvert des horizons pour les politiques d\u2019innovation au niveau international. L\u2019Oslo Manual<\/span><\/a><\/strong> de l\u2019OCDE, relatif aux indicateurs de mesure de l\u2019innovation, a r\u00e9cemment \u00e9tendu sa port\u00e9e, parlant d\u00e9sormais d\u2019unit\u00e9s<\/i> d\u2019innovation. Ceci implique que les gouvernements peuvent prendre en compte un ensemble d\u2019acteurs innovants au del\u00e0 de l\u2019entreprise, pour int\u00e9grer l\u2019innovation \u00e0 domicile<\/i> dans leurs politiques futures. Cette \u00e9volution ouvre des nouvelles perspectives de recherche, y compris pour rendre davantage visible l\u2019innovation par les d\u00e9veloppeurs<\/span><\/a><\/strong>. Elle vient apr\u00e8s quelques d\u00e9cennies de recherche de la communaut\u00e9 scientifique. Je suis donc assez fier d\u2019avoir contribu\u00e9 dans cette discussion, avec une pr\u00e9sentation de mon ouvrage sur les d\u00e9veloppeurs dans un s\u00e9minaire modeste<\/span><\/a><\/strong> organis\u00e9 par la Direction des Sciences, des Technologies et de l\u2019Innovation de l\u2019OCDE ici \u00e0 Paris il y a quelques ann\u00e9es (Chrysos, 2016).<\/p>\n

Ma contribution<\/h2>\n

Dans cette conf\u00e9rence, j\u2019ai pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 une m\u00e9thodologie pour analyser des technologies \u00e9mergentes, dont une premi\u00e8re version<\/span><\/a><\/strong> j\u2019avais d\u00e9j\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 au Center for Organizational Research and Design<\/span><\/a><\/strong> lors de ma<\/strong> visite \u00e0 l\u2019Arizona State University (ASU)<\/span><\/a> il y a deux ans. La m\u00e9thode standard pour analyser des technologies de la communaut\u00e9 OUI est la Design Structure Matrix (DSM)<\/i> (Baldwin et Clark 2000\u00a0; Steward, 1981), qui identifie et repr\u00e9sente des attributs diff\u00e9rents d\u2019une technologie donn\u00e9e. Pour autant, comme le notent Colfer et Baldwin dans un papier r\u00e9cent, lorsque les technologies en question changent vite et deviennent plus complexes, on a besoin d\u2019autres solutions (Colfer et Baldwin 2016).<\/p>\n

La pr\u00e9sentation (disponible gratuitement ici<\/a>) est bas\u00e9e sur l\u2019article que nous avions \u00e9labor\u00e9 avec Kevin Desouza<\/span><\/a><\/strong>, que j\u2019avais rencontr\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019ASU. Les dimensions abord\u00e9es avec Kevin avant la soumission du papier \u00e0 l\u2019IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management<\/i> furent \u00e9galement convoqu\u00e9es dans la discussion qui a suit la pr\u00e9sentation, surtout en ce qui concerne la diff\u00e9rence entre la DSM et des m\u00e9thodes fond\u00e9es sur la th\u00e9orie des graphes bipartites (Danilovic, 2007\u00a0; Suh, 1990). De surcro\u00eet, nous avons discut\u00e9 du processus de standardisation des nano-satellites et notre travail avec Nikitas Chronas and Apostolos Maisakos, pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 l\u2019ann\u00e9e derni\u00e8re \u00e0 la NASA<\/span><\/a><\/strong> et la CalPoly<\/span><\/a><\/strong> (Chrysos\u00a0, 2018a\u00a0; Chrysos, 2018b). J\u2019ai \u00e9galement eu l\u2019occasion de rencontrer des ing\u00e9nieurs acad\u00e9miques venant de l\u2019industrie spatiale et \u00e9changer sur des exemples historiques – tels que les premiers pas de l\u2019industrie du PC – que j\u2019avais \u00e9tudi\u00e9 dans ma th\u00e8se.<\/p>\n

En outre, j\u2019ai pris le temps de me balader dans la ville d\u2019Utrecht et j\u2019ai pu monter dans la fameuse tour Dom. J\u2019ai beaucoup march\u00e9 au long des canaux qui, avant la pr\u00e9dominance Amsterdam, faisaient d\u2019Utrecht un port majeur. Ne pas disposer d\u2019un a\u00e9roport est pour Utrecht une belle chose apparemment, vue la qualit\u00e9 de vie dont les habitants b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient en l\u2019absence de tourisme de masse. J\u2019ai pris un verre avec Timo, qui m\u2019a parl\u00e9 de son exp\u00e9rience sur l\u2019innovation dans le secteur bancaire. Suite \u00e0 l\u2019obtention de son dipl\u00f4me du Master \u201cInnovation in European Business\u201d<\/span><\/a><\/strong>, il a rentr\u00e9 \u00e0 Utrecht et a trouv\u00e9 en moins de trois semaines ce travail qui lui plaise beaucoup.<\/p>\n

En tout, l\u2019organisation de la conf\u00e9rence \u00e9tait parfait et j\u2019\u00e9tais tr\u00e8s content de voir que la communaut\u00e9 aille si bien. La prochaine conf\u00e9rence aura lieu \u00e0 Aachen, qui doit \u00eatre la premi\u00e8re ville allemande par ordre alphab\u00e9tique.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Baldwin, C.\u00a0Y. and Clark, K.\u00a0B. (2000). <\/span><\/span><\/span>Design Rules, Vol. 1: The Power of Modularity<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, first edition.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Chesbrough, H.\u00a0W. (2003). <\/span><\/span><\/span>Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating And Profiting from Technology<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Harvard Business Press, Boston, Mass., first trad edition.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Chrysos, P. (2013). <\/span><\/span><\/span>When users create industries: the case of Web-based applications<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. PhD thesis, Mines-ParisTech.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Chrysos, P. (2015). <\/span><\/span><\/span>Les d\u00e9veloppeurs<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. FYP, Paris.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Chrysos, P. (2016). Foggy economy: the challenges of the expansion of emerging technologies and the innovative action of developers.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Chrysos, P., Chronas-Foteinakis, N., and Masiakos, A. (2018a). Design Miniaturisation: transposing a proposed standard to meet the requirements of a nano-satellite. In <\/span><\/span><\/span>15th Cubesat Developers Workshop<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA. California Polytechnic State University.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Chrysos, P., Chronas-Foteinakis, N., and Masiakos, A. (2018b). \u0391 Generic Framework for the Miniaturization Of Satellites. In <\/span><\/span><\/span>2018 NASA Academy of Aerospace Quality Workshop<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, Cleveland, OH, USA. NASA Academy.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Chrysos, P. and Gentes, A., editors (2019). <\/span><\/span><\/span>L\u2019aventure \u00e9pist\u00e9mologique contemporaine Rencontres autour des travaux d\u2019Anne-Fran\u00e7oise Schmid<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. Kim\u00e9, Paris (France).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Colfer, L.\u00a0J. and Baldwin, C.\u00a0Y. (2016). The mirroring hypothesis: theory, evidence, and exceptions. <\/span><\/span><\/span>Industrial and Corporate Change<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, 25(5):709\u2013738.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Danilovic, M. and Browning, T.\u00a0R. (2007). Managing complex product development projects with design structure matrices and domain mapping matrices. <\/span><\/span><\/span>International journal of project management<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, 25(3):300\u2013314.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Raasch, C. and von Hippel, E. (2012). Modeling interactions between user and producer innovation: User-contested and user-complemented markets. In <\/span><\/span><\/span>DRUID<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, page\u00a037, Copenhagen, Denmark.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sanden, U., Harysson, L., Nilsson, F., Thulesius, H., and Hagglund, M. (2019). Collaborative university course for user innovation in healthcare. In <\/span><\/span><\/span>17th International Open and User Innovation Conference<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, pages 88\u201389, Utrecht. Utrecht University, the Netherlands.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Steward, D.\u00a0V. (1981). The design structure system: A method for managing the design of complex systems. <\/span><\/span><\/span>IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, EM-28(3):71\u201374.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Suh, N.\u00a0P. (1990). <\/span><\/span><\/span>The principles of design<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, volume 226. Oxford University Press, New York.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

von Hippel, E. (1977). Industrial innovation by users: evidence, explanatory hypotheses and implications.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

von Hippel, E. (1994). \u00ab\u00a0Sticky Information\u00a0\u00bb and the Locus of Problem Solving: Implications for Innovation. <\/span><\/span><\/span>Management Science<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, 40(4):429\u2013439.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

von Hippel, E. (2005). <\/span><\/span><\/span>Democratizing innovation<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Wang, S. and Tambe, P. (2019). Star developers and open source softwarer. In <\/span><\/span><\/span>17th International Open and User Innovation Conference<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span>, page 149, Utrecht. Utrecht University, the Netherlands.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Juillet dernier, a eu lieu \u00e0 Utrecht la 17\u00e8me Conf\u00e9rence Internationale Open and User Innovation (OUI). C\u2019\u00e9tait ma quatri\u00e8me fois \u00e0 participer \u00e0 la rencontre…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":7437,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[100],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-7431","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-blog-fr"},"yoast_head":"\n17\u00e8me Open and User Innovation Conference - News et Impressions - Paris Chrysos<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/parisx.me\/fr\/17eme-open-and-user-innovation-conference-news-et-impressions\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"17\u00e8me Open and User Innovation Conference - News et Impressions - Paris Chrysos\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Juillet dernier, a eu lieu \u00e0 Utrecht la 17\u00e8me Conf\u00e9rence Internationale Open and User Innovation (OUI). 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